The Reinforcement of Hegemonic Ideologies Gender and...

The Reinforcement of Hegemonic Ideologies Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes Within Cosmopolitan Magazine Advertisements Rebecca Mastine Understanding Popular Culture Tim MacNeil December 15, 2010 Magazines have implicitly and explicitly been influencing humans for decades. They are continually more involved in the media, however the market is highly competitive. It is extremely important for magazines to maintain the readers’ interest and loyalty therefore they must excel in its appearance and content. Helen Brown created the Cosmopolitan magazine in 1965. It holds a spot as one of the most successful women’s magazines of all time, and proceeds to be the number one selling monthly magazine. (Ouellette, 360, 2005).†¦show more content†¦279). Hasinoff reveals the sociobiological discourses in Cosmopolitan â€Å"stress the work, planning and consumer goods it takes to perform femininity by presenting these laborious techniques as strictly adhering to a biological pre-determined set of natural and ultimately unchangeable rules of gender† (Hasinoff, 280, 2009). Additionally, its’ sociobiological discourses insist on a self-help rhetoric t hat encourages women to solve their own problems but at the same time stresses the fact that Cosmopolitan can tell them how (Hasinoff, 280, 2009). Few researchers have explored sexuality in advertising across multiple countries or the factors that may contribute to its’ content. Michelle Nelson and Hye-Jin Paek examine the degrees of sexuality in advertising within Cosmopolitan across seven countries (Brazil, China, France, India, South Korea, Thailand and the U.S). Nelson and Paek’s study discloses, â€Å"even within a transnational Western magazine, degrees of sexuality differ† (2005, p. 371). More specifically their research showed that cultural values and political/economic systems are related to degrees of sexuality presented in advertisement and the â€Å"presence of Western (nondomestic) models, sexual freedom values, and a less authoritarian political cultureShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesepidemics. In no previous epoch of history was war so vilified and peace so consciously pursued through the establishment of international organizations and diplomatic exchanges. Despite these endeavors, the levels of domestic and international violence within human populations and the ravages visited upon animals and the natural world by humans vastly exceeded that of any previous era in history. In a century where human communities globally and individuals locally had the potential to be much more

Guidelines For Classification Of Water Hardness Essay

Water is measured in milligrams per liter or parts per million. In Table 1, the guidelines for classification of water hardness can be found. This table shows the different amounts of CaCO3, calcium carbonate, in mg/L that cause water to be soft too hard. Hardness in mg/L CaCO3 Degree of Hardness 0 – 30 Very soft 31 – 60 Soft 61 – 120 Moderately soft/ moderately hard 121 – 180 Hard 180 Very hard Table 1.4 General guidelines for classification of water hardness Two methods that are utilized in measuring the hardness of water are EDTA and AA. The EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, method contains 3 steps. First, preparation of a standard Ca2+ solution is needed. Second, standardization of EDTA with a standard calcium solution has to occur. The final step is an analysis of an unknown Ca2+ sample with the standardized EDTA solution (Community College of Rhode Island). During the lab, a NH3/NH4 buffer was added to the sample water to make the solution basic, a pH of around 10. EBT, eriochrome black T, was then added to this solution. The solution turned blue when EBT was added. If magnesium were present in the water, the solution would turn red. Then, EDTA, which has a known concentration, was added the red solution. The EDTA reacts with the calcium that is present in the solution bringing the solution back to its clear color. After it reacted with calcium, it will react with the magnesium turning the solution to blue. Overall, magnesium has to beShow MoreRelatedDetermination of Hardness of Water1455 Words   |  6 Pages Water â€Å"hardness† was analyzed in this experiment, through the determination of CaCO3 concentration. This was achieved by the titration of an unknown solution using a standardized 0.1M EDTA, and addition of Eriochrome Black T to the unknown, to indicate the endpoint of the titration. The average concentration of CaCO3 obtained was 1034 ppm, with a standard deviation of 2.4495. 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Promoting Sexual Health Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Over the last 25 years sexual health has become one of the most important areas of health care across the world a global pandemic of HIV, the rapid worldwide spread of other sexually transmitted infections and an increasing awareness of sexual health issues by the public globally have all increased enormously the needs of those dealing with sexual health problems to have access to information on theory and practice that can help them adverse the diversity of issues they now face Miller and Green (2002). According to WHO Sexual health is a state of complete physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Promoting Sexual Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled WHO (2002). This essay focuses to describe about sexual health, importance of sexual health promotion in teenagers, different levels of interventions, sexual health policies, theories and different sexual health strategies. AIM OF THIS ESSAY According to formally family planning association sexual health defined as the capacity and freedom to enjoy and express sexuality without fear of exploitation, repression physical and emotional harm FPA (2007). Rising STI rates and increasing termination rates DH (2008) indicate there is now a real need to address both issues through progressive work in sexual health care. Indeed, the HPA (2008) highlighted a clear need for people to be aware of how they can protect themselves from unplanned pregnancy and STIs, and the importance of sexual health promotion. The essay will begin with a brief overview of sexual health promotion in young men and women in UK. The UK has the worst sexual health record in Western Europe while the teenage pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted infections including HIV and sexual violence are increasing. So the importance of sexual health promotion is increasing within young men and women. The aim of this essay is to highlights the need to reduce sexually transmitted infections among teenagers both girls and boys DH (2010) .young people reflects concerns about unintended teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections .Researches are showing that how being young influences sexual behaviours exploring issues including teenage negotiation of contraception and the influence of gender and peer norms both UK and internationally ( Widdice et al. 2006).High rates of sexually transmitted continue to be reported in UK,especially among young people, men who have sex with men and some ethnic minority populatio ns these groups remain at greatest risk infection Miles (2006). I choose the group teenagers (young men and young women) with the age group of 14 to 24for this essay. I selected the teenagers for this assignment because now the rate of teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, HIV and sexual violence is increasing in UK. IMPORTANCE OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION The Importance of sexual health promotion in teenagers is to reduce teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Health care providers play a valuable role in educating their patients, and accuracy and completeness of information are the accepted standards in medicine Santelli (2008) Clinicians are held to professional standards involving medical and public health ethics, and are guided by professional health organizations. Guidelines in preventive medicine for HIV, other STIs and unintended pregnancy support the delivery of needed services, including counselling on condom and contraceptive use. Although recognition of evidence-based medicine has been increasing, wide variation exists in medical practices; often, the provider’s judgment is a component in determining patient care. Make awareness about the supportive clinics and provide counselling to the teenagers parents as well AMA (2009). Sexuality is an important part of one’s health and, quality of life and general well being. Sexuality is an integral part of the total person, affecting the way each individual from birth to death to every single person. A healthy sense of sexuality can provide numerous benefits including a link with the future through procreation, a means of pleasure and physical release, a sense of connection with others and a contribution of self identity Norbun and Rosenfeld (2004). A teenager may go through many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes. The biggest change is puberty that means becoming sexually mature. It usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. As their body changes, the teenagers may have questions about sex and sexual health. During this time, they start to develop their own unique personality and opinions. Some changes that they might notice including, increased independence from their parents, more concerns about body image and clothes, more influence from peers, Greater ability to sense right and wrong. All of these changes can sometimes seem overwhelming Medline plus (2011). LEGAL ISSUES OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION In the past there has been a confused legal response to creating a balance between protecting vulnerable members of society, and giving people the right to access support for sexual health problems. The legal structure in the UK divides into civil law and criminal law. Legislation can place boundaries on the extent to which health care workers may become involved in promoting the sexual health of an individual. The introduction of the Human Rights Act (2000) has an impact on the rights of the individual and the provision of health care. Criminal law governs people’s sexual behaviour by making some activities unlawful. The purpose of the legislation is to prohibit certain sexual activities and prevent exploitation .To provide young people with the knowledge, skills and confidence to resist any pressure to have inappropriate, early or unwanted sexual relationships and to manage their sexual health .To use discussion about sex and relationships to help young people develop thei r self-esteem and self-awareness. .To allow young people space to explore their values and attitudes .To encourage young people to make informed decisions about their behaviour, personal relationships and sexual health .To use discussion about sex and relationships to help young people develop their self-esteem and self-awareness Mellor and Williams (2005). SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION THEORIES This implies that whether an individual puts protection that is contraception and condoms) into practice depends on the susceptibility to pregnancy or STI infection, severity of that occurrence, the result of implementation of self protection, and the barriers to implementation (Abraham and Sheeran 2005) The motivation theory is a more complex model that contains lots of components such as perceptions of severity, response costs, vulnerability, pleasure and social approval. It also includes belief that the suggested behaviour will reduce the threat and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is a person’s belief that they can be successful in carrying out the suggested behaviour (Norman et al. 2005) The theory of planned behaviour is a complex theory. An individual’s perceived behavioural control is the expectation that behaviour is within their control, and therefore is linked to efficacy and autonomy. Within perceived behavioural control lie several factors, including information and skill (Conner and Norman 2005). Social cognition theory focuses on individual motivation and action based on three types of expectancy. These are the situation outcome, action outcome and perceived self-efficacy. The theories are complex and therefore need further study before putting them into practice NICE (2007) recommended that trained in sexual health care professionals put the theories into practice in one-to-one structured discussions with clients. SEXUAL HEALTH STRATEGIES Increase the contribution of youth mothers in education, guidance or work to decrease the danger of long term social elimination. The national strategy for sexual health and HIV accepted that the consequences of poor sexual health can be severe leading to amongst other outcomes unwanted pregnancy and termination. The strategy has established a number of key indicators including to increase access to sexual health services, including contraception, particularly to young people. To increase the percentage of young people aged 15-24 accepting screening for Chlamydia. To provide access to Genito-Urinary Medicine clinics within 48 hours DH (2001) .The legal age for young people to consent to have sex is still 16, whether they are straight, gay or bisexual. The aim of sexual offences act 2003 is to protect the rights and interests of young people, and make it easier to prosecute people who pressure or force others into having sex they don’t want. Although the age of consent remains at 16, the law is not intended to prosecute mutually agreed teenage sexual activity between two young people of a similar age, unless it involves abuse or exploitation. Young people, including those under 13 will continue to have the right to confidential advice on contraception, condoms, pregnancy and abortion Mellor and Williams (2005). To remove the main barriers of sexual health care is to provide health education and that teaches about the sexual health care and care giving clinics. studies show that training in the area of human sexuality and taking sexual histories increases comfort and with addressing sexual health Nussbaum and Rosenfeld (2004).Sex education is offered in many schools, but don’t count on classroom instruction alone. Sex education needs to happen at home, too. Sex education basics may be covered in health class, but the teenagers might not hear or understand everything he or she needs to know to make tough choices about sex. Awkward as it may be, sex education is a parent’s responsibility. By reinforcing and supplementing what the teen learns in school, teachers can set the stage for a lifetime of healthy sexuality. Various factors peer pressure, curiosity and loneliness, to name a few steer some teenagers into early sexual activity. But there’s no rush. Sex is an adult beh aviour. In the meantime, there are many other ways to express affection intimate talks, long walks, holding hands, listening to music, dancing, kissing, touching and hugging. If you’re teen becomes sexually active — whether you think he or she is ready or not it may be more important than ever to keep the conversation going. State your feelings openly and honestly. Remind the teenagers that you expect him or her to take sex and the associated responsibilities seriously. Stress the importance of safe sex, and make sure your teen understands how to get and use contraception. You might talk about keeping a sexual relationship exclusive, not only as a matter of trust and respect but also to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections. Also set and enforce reasonable boundaries, such as curfews and rules about visits from friends of the opposite sex.Teenager’s doctor can help, too. A routine check-up can give teen the opportunity to address sexual activity and other behaviours in a supportive, confidential atmosphere — as well as learn about contraception and safe sex. For girls, the doctor may also stress the importance of routine human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination to help prevent genital warts and cervical cancer MFMER (2009). Now we are failing young people in their sexual health needs, given an increasing trend in sexually transmitted infections and unplanned teenage pregnancies .significant changes can achieve by numerous endeavours including, equipping young people with the right knowledge, reaching their aspects of themselves which hold significant value in their present day lives to get focus and attention, providing solid basement of self esteem and self preservations in the first place. This must be delivered by open minded, unbiased and non judgemental professionals in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere.HPA (2008). A number of government education initiatives over the last 10 years including the healthy schools status programme. The aim of this curriculum is to support the young people as individual and to improve their concept about sexual health in society. But in some schools trained staff refused to implement this strategies and this act as a barrier of communication with young people DH (2005) sexual relationship education in school by trained confident and up to date professionals, employing straight forward language can make an awareness of pupils existing knowledge Ingham et al (2009).young people’s sexual health clinics are available and confidentiality of service is very important. Condom distribution services are also available locally for young people. Now the sexual health campaigns for teenagers are changed from use of condoms and condom essential campaigns to a new campaign. It aims to improve the knowledge and encourage open communication about relationships among young people, their parents and professionals DH and DCSF (2009). .the UK is still predominantly a patriarchal society. Gender imbalance can create a negative imbalance in our society. It has a reverse role when it comes to a sexual health provision. Young people’s contraceptive clinics habitually target young females. This stems from a political system desiring to protect itself from the negative consequences of un planned pregnancies ,neglecting young male services to the determent of their sexual health and well being Evans(2008).teenage pregnancy is increasing in UK among highest in Europe by year by year. There are two goals, to decrease teenage conceptions among under18 and get more teenagers parents for education, training and employment to reduce the risk. These goals were accomplished through government media voluntary and private sectors to change young peoples to sexual behaviour DCSF (2010).Health promotion programmes should be adaptable and innovative and offering different methods for feelings and expressions,and opportunities to help build self esteem. There are various economic and social influences contribute hopelessness in young people .young people are trying to express their individuality and find their position in the world Cater and Coleman (2006).According to Department of Health(2009)risk assessment is carried out by three tyre approach they are primary ,secondary and tertiary approach. In primary ,risk to teenagers that means unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections including HIV ,secondary risk is undiagnosed and un Symptomatic sexually transmitted infections, infertility and pelvic inflammatory infections etc Territory risk is known as collateral risk to another chronic illness like exacerbation to DM depression or leukaemia .these three approaches allows for effective evaluation of both sexual and holistic consequences of risk taking behaviour among young men and women. Another example of health promotion planning support is the effective sexual health promotion tool kit. It provides supportive toolkit for the professionals working with young people on sexual health promotion including practical tips for building self esteem and effective health promotion delivery DH (2002). Dating violence is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults. Understanding teens’ reaction to dating violence offer the potential to understand the factors that lead to perpetration of violent behaviour and to elucidate prevention strategies Dating violence, that is, violence between non-cohabitating, but courting individuals includes physical abuse, psychological abuse, and sexual abuse and has been recognized as an international and national public health problem of major proportion A great deal of current research indicates that dating violence is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults today Reyburn(2007). Using contraception also reduces the chance of pregnancy, but the type of contraception matters, and some methods are typically more effective than others. This essential fact is the key element of the analyses reported by the research team. The investigators guess how an enormous deal of the decrease in teen pregnancy rates might be credited to better contraception by probing shifts in the types of method used at last sex combined with the typical failure rates of these methods. How shifts in contraceptive use might give to declines in pregnancy rates have not been used beforehand improves on previous attempts to estimate the behaviours fundamental changing pregnancy rates. While more teenagers are doing the right thing adults continue to debate whether the reduction in accidental pregnancies is the result of efforts to encourage abstinence or to promote improved contraceptive protection. The analyses offered here cannot distinguish the factors and motives behind reductions in sexua l risk taking among teenagers SAM (2004). The counselling with young people for their sexual health problems, and the importance of sexual health promotion will also help tanagers to get a positive approach to the area of sexual health (Lopez et al. 2008) .Thoughtful, comprehensive approaches from providers are important, given that much of the information adolescents receive on sexuality and sexual risk is erroneous and unhealthy for them (Teitelman et al. 2009). Although this study has explored the content of preventive care received by adolescents at high risk, access to care is also critical, because most adolescents—particularly low-income adolescents, who are at highest risk of pregnancy and STIs do not make normal preventive care visits. For the at-risk adolescents who do present for a clinic visit, it is all the more important to provide effective prevention counselling (Chandra et al. 2008).Pre teenage education and counselling about the prevention of un wanted teenage pregnancies, STIs and HIV to teenagers i s very important. Dual protection refers to strategies that provide guard from unnecessary pregnancy and STIs, as well as HIV. Dual shield can take various forms, including the use of condoms only or the use of condoms with a different form of contraception and the support of emergency contraception, for added safety in opposition to unwanted pregnancy. Except a couple know they are free of HIV and other STIs and are not at risk through sexual activity with others, condoms are the key constituent of double protection. Thus, better interventions are essential which hold up women as well as men to make use of condoms through sexual intercourse, both for those living with HIV and those who may be in a discordant couple or when one or both partners are engaged in sexual activity with others who may be at risk. Most methods of contraception can be used irrespective of HIV status (Gruskin et al. 2007). Children and Young People in Wirral are the most significant asset. We should help them all raise into positive and victorious adults. They can do this for themselves but we will help them by ensuring they receive information and services when they are needed and in a way they can best make use of them. We are committed to removing barriers that prevent us from providing the services that children and young people tell us they need Wirral Health and Well Being Charter for Wirral Children and Young People (2008) The aim of the policy is to enable any member of staff to assess and respond appropriately to young people’s needs with regards to sexual health, within their professional boundaries, and from an informed perspective. CONCLUSION To conclude, sexual health promotion in teenagers is a very central matter. Social cultural and political factors can hold back effective communication between health professionals and young people and can put off young people from seeking professionals help regarding sexual health issues. Sexual health promotion will reach the young people at a level that has considerable meaning to achieve change in their sexual practice and to help them to reach their most favourable sexual health and sexual identity. Sexual health promotion in teenagers will assist to reduce the rate of sexually transmitted infections, HIVs, teenage pregnancies and sexual violence. REFERENCES Abraham, C., Sheeran, P. (2005) the health belief model. Predicting Health Behaviour, Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models. Maidenhead: Open University Press. 2.American Medical Association (2007) Sexuality Education, Abstinence, and Distribution of Condoms in Schools 2007. http://www. ama-assn.org/am/no-index/advocacy/8152.shtml [accessed: 22 Sep 2009]. Chandra, A. (2008) Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancyFindings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Paediatrics, 122(5), p.1047–1054. Coleman, L., Carter, S. (2006) planned teenage pregnancy: views and experiences of young people from poor disadvantaged backgrounds. Conner, M., Norman, P. (2005) Predicting health behaviour: a social cognition approach. Predicting Health Behaviour. Maidenhead: Open University Press. DCSF (2010) teenage pregnancy strategy [online] available at: www.dcsf.gov.uk. Department of Health (2001) the National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV Department of Health. London Department of health (2002) effective sexual health promotion: a tool Kit: for primary care trusts and other working in the field of promotion of good sexual health and HIV prevention. [Online] available at: www.dh.gov.uk. Department of Health (2003) Effective Sexual Health Promotion Toolkit: a Toolkit for Primary Care Trusts and Others Working in the Field of Promoting Good Sexual Health and HIV Prevention. Department of Health: London. 10. Department of health (2005) national healthy school status: a guide for schools. DH: London. 11. Department of health (2009) moving forward: progress and priorities working together for high quality of sexual health. Stationary office: London. 12. Department of Health (2008) Abortion Statistics, England and Wales: 2007. London: DH. 13. DH (2010) publications, policy and guideline: primary secondary and tertiary prevention on. The stationary office London. 14. DH and DCSF (2009) sex worth talking about, www.dcsf .gov.uk, [accessed in March 2010]. 15. Evans, D. T. (2010), sexual health: exploring risk, promoting sexual health course, unpublished course material, Greenwich university. 16. Evans, D.T. (2008) unit 2 sexualities and sexual health, sexual health skills course, university of green which. 17. Family planning association (2007) sexual health a public health issue. British journal of school nursing, 2 (3), p .102-106. 18. Gruskin, S.,Ferguson, L.,Malley .J ,O.(2007) ensuring sexual and reproductive health for people living with HIV :an overview of key human rights ,policy and health system issues ,reproductive health matters , 15 (29), p. 4- 26. 19. Health protection agency (2008) spot light infections. [Online] available at:www.hpa .org .UK. 20. Health Protection Agency (2008) All New STI Episodes Seen at GUM Clinics in the UK: 1998 – 2007. London: HPA 21. Ingham, R., Nauserzadeh, S., Stone, N. (2009) SRE conference hand book 4th biennial international sex and relationships conference. 22. Lopez LM et al., Strategies for communicating contraceptive effectiveness, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008, Issue 2, No. CD006964. 23. Mayo foundation for medical education and research (2009), mayoclinic.com. 24. Medline plus (2011), US national library service of medicine. 25. Mellor, R. and Williams, D. (2005) sexual health of looked after children and care leavers .amended health and well being team. 26. Miller, D. and Green, J. (2002) the psychology of sexual health.6th ed. Black well science publication: lowa state university press. 27. NICE (2007) One to one Interventions to Reduce the Transmission of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Including HIV, and to reduce the Rate of Under 18 Conceptions, Especially Among Vulnerable and At RiskGroups.London: NICE. 28. Norman, P. et al (2005) Protection motivation theory. Predicting Health Behaviour. Maidenhead: Open University Press 29. Nusbaum, M. and Rosenfeld, J .A. (2004) sexual health across life style ..cambridge university press. 30. Rayburn, N. R.,Jaycox, Z. H .,Mccaffery ,D. E. ,Ulloa, C., Marshall, G. N., Shelly ,G. A., (2007)reactions to dating violence among Latino teenagers :an experiment utilizing the articulated thoughts in simulated situations paradigm, journal of adolescence ,vol,30, p .893-915. 31. Royal collage of nursing (2000), sexuality and sexual health in nursing practice in London, quoting publication, code 009965. 32. Santelli, J.S. (2008) Medical accuracy in sexuality education: ideology and the scientific c process. American Journal of Public Health, 98(10):1786–1792. 33. Society for adolescent medicine (2004) confidential health care for adolescents: position paper of the society for adolescent medicine. (35), p. 80-90. 34. Teitelman, A.M., Bohinski, J.M. and Boente, A. (2009) the social context of sexual health and sexual risk for urban adolescent girls in the United States. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(7), p.460–469. 35. WHO (2007) sexual health, gender and reproductive rights. 36. Widdice, L. E., Cornell, J. L., Wendra, L. Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2006) ‘Having sex and condom use: potential risks and benefits reported by young sexually inexperienced adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 39 (4), p. 588-595. 37. Wirral Health and Well Being Charter for Wirral Children and Young People (2008). How to cite Promoting Sexual Health, Essay examples

Business Communication Cross-Culture Communication

Question: Discuss about the Business Communicationfor Cross-Culture Communication. Answer: Introduction Communication can be defined as the process of sending and receiving information. The employees, managers and various executives have to regularly communicate with each other to run the business efficiently. Good communication system is important for an organization to run the business efficiently. The vital components of effective communication are transmission, reception and understanding of the communication meaning. The communication medium is also a vital component of the communication system. The companies can use a number of communication methods such as written methods like e-mails, internet or oral methods to communicate with their employees (Clampitt, 2016). However, the businesses are suffering from communication issues which are resulting in misunderstandings, hostilities and accusations. There are certain barriers to communication which appears when the person sending the message is using inappropriate communication style or medium. Issue of Cross-Culture Communication With globalization, the cultural difference is becoming the most significant issue in the business communication. In different cultures, the communication methods and style are entirely different. The multinational organizations require effective cross-cultural practices in the thriving global marketplace (Guffey Loewy, 2015). The globalization if the marketplace has created immense opportunities for the business organizations; however, ineffective communication across the border can negatively impact the employees, customers and other stakeholders. The issues in the cross-cultural communication arise due to the differences in the language and the behavior. Misunderstandings and misinterpretation is common in the communication between people who speak same language, so there is high probability for the communication issues among the people who communicate with different cultural backgrounds (Miller Gordon, 2014). The mispronunciation or misrepresentation of words can have result in misunderstanding between the communicating parties. Moreover, the behavior of two people from different cultural backgrounds is also different and can be misinterpreted differently. Body language and the gestures also have different meanings at different geographical locations (Guffey Loewy, 2017). The common gestures or body language at one place can be misinterpreted differently at other locations. It also includes differences in facial expressions such as use of nodding and eye contact. Other than that, there are also several stereotypes associated with the characteristics of certain culture. The stereotype is the generalization and assumption related to certain cultural groups. There are certain stereotypes which are negative and hostile and can adversely impact on the organization culture. They can also hamper effective workplace communication (Hurn Tomalin, 2013). It is a significant issue in the business communication. It is important that an organization establishes procedure and strategies to uplift the standard of business communication. The business communication entails all form of communication which is conducted for the commercial purpose of the organization. In the business communication, the information is relayed within an organization by its people (Newman, 2015). Lewis Model of Cross-Cultural Communication The most common model to describe the cross-cultural communication is the Lewis Model which was developed in the early 1990s. After thorough study of the human behavior and cultures in different locations, Richard Lewis categorized the human behavior in three distinct categories. These categories were not based on the nationality and the religion but on the behavior of the people. The different categories in this model were named as Linear-Active, Multi-Active and Reactive. The model posits that in the accumulation of the distinct features of different cultures, the scholars have created confusion and reduced the clarity and succinctness of the dimensions of different cultures. In the linear-active group, the English speaking people qualify. These people are highly assertive, plan everything ahead of time and are direct in their communication. These people believe in hiding their feelings in the professional world and focuses on truth and diplomacy. They are egoist in nature and do n ot like to lose blames and accusations. They differentiate their social and professional lives and show limited body language. The people in this category are often impatient and stick to facts and evidence-based data (Lewis, 2010). All the major countries of Asia except Indian subcontinent fall under the second category of multi-active society. The people in this category are highly talkative and prefer to multitask. They also believe in making rough outlines and plans rather than focusing on small details. They do not hide their feelings and events of personal lives. They are people-oriented and give emphasis on their feelings rather than facts. They are often ready for good excuses and have highly expressive body language. On the other hand, the multi-active population is highly scattered and includes the people of Southern Europe, Mediterranean Countries such as South America, Africa and the Gulf countries (Krizan et al, 2010). It also includes the people of India and Pakistan. Although the people in these groups are diverse geographically, there are differences in religion, belief and values. These people follow the same pattern and traits such as high emotion, talkativeness, body language, giving importance to religion and family bond (Zhu, 2015). The Lewis model of cross-culture communication can be used by the human resource managers in the recruitment drive and combating the issues of miscommunication in the workplace. It can be used by the individual in understanding the differences in the cultures of different countries. T can also be used to analyze the affinity and the deviation from the national norm and the compatibility with the people of different cultures (Reinhard, 2016). Conclusion It can be concluded that the effectiveness of business communication is critical for the business success. In the present times of globalization, the companies are needed to examine the impact of cultural differences on the efficacy of communication. The differences in the communication regarding the language, gestures and body language can result in misinterpretation of message. The Lewin model of cross cultural difference classifies the human behavior in three categories. It can be used by the HR managers to effectively manage the communication in workplace. References Miller, V.D., Gordon, M.E. (2014). Meeting the Challenge of Human Resource Management: A Communication Perspective. Routledge. Clampitt, P.G. (2016). Communicating for Managerial Effectiveness: Challenges | Strategies | Solutions. SAGE Publications. Guffey, M.E., Loewy, D. (2015). Essentials of Business Communication. Cengage Learning. Guffey, M.E., Loewy, D. (2017). Business Communication: Process Product. Cengage Learning. Hurn, B., Tomalin, B. (2013). Cross-Cultural Communication: Theory and Practice. Springer. Lewis, R. (2010). When Cultures Collide, Third Edition: Leading Across Cultures. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Newman, A. (2015). Business Communication: In Person, In Print, Online. Cengage Learning. Reinhard, K. (2016). How the Swedish culture affects education in compulsory schools: Between welfare and the will to succeed. GRIN Verlag. Zhu, P. (2015). Digital Master: Debunk the Myths of Enterprise Digital Maturity. Lulu Press, Inc. Business Communication Krizan, A.C.B. et al. (2010). Business Communication Series. Cengage Learning.

Benjamin Franklin free essay sample

A figurative scenario within a cave occurs. In this scenario, a group of people are living in a cave where they have been put in all types of restraints only allowing them to look forward at the wall opposite of the light. The light casts shadows onto the wall. At some point in time, a shadow appears and to some, a voice Is also heard. The shadow Is then rumored to be god. No one In the cave argues this Idea of god because they do not yet know any better, or they have not yet been enlightened. After a while, one person is taken from the cave and is shown god.This person is the enlightened one. They now know that what they believed to be true is actually false. Once placed back into the cave, the enlightened one can no longer see. This person no longer shares ideas with those of the cave. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the enlightened one attempts to create a paradigm shift by revealing the truth, people get upset and argumentative. The cave scenario Is a phenomenal way to describe the Ideas of enlightenment. The scenario Illustrates that one cannot be enlightened if they refuse to step out of the formalities of their everyday life.To Plato, the concept of enlightenment is belief in a new truth and leaving old thoughts behind. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin includes many ideas of enlightenment from literal to figurative. Franklin was literally enlightened every time he took another step up in his career. Starting out as a printer and a writer, and becoming an Inventor and a politician. Another way he was literally enlightened was his experiment with electricity. Being an Inventor and a philosopher, Franklin made a hypothesis that would usually end in enlightenment. Along with enlightening himself, Benjamin Franklin also managed to enlighten others with his writings. People used to look forward to his almanacs. It was simple enough for Franklin to enlighten because of his level of intelligence. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin may also be linked with a work by Emerson called The American Scholar. This work by Emerson Is a speech about the Importance of nature, books, and work or action. Emerson believes that society Is becoming corrupt and less pure due to media.America is also becoming lazy to the point of no one putting effort into creating their own thoughts. This is called man thinking and Emerson highlights this concept a lot throughout his speech. Benjamin Franklins life can be related to The American Scholar for the obvious reason that Franklin was Indeed a great scholar. A scholar like Franklin is also a great he always had his own brilliant ideas. He was a hard worker, and a hard worker does not base their life off of the ideas of others. Being a transcendentalism, Franklin believed institutions in society were corrupting the purity of a person.Ideas such as this are also mentioned in The American Scholar by Emerson. Emerson ideas were that nature, books, and work were the most important parts of life. Emerson and Franklin only had one difference when it came to work. Emerson was a firm believer that the purpose of working was to gain wisdom, while Franklin believed working only led to wealth. While Emerson, Franklin, and Plato were all different in their ideas, their works can e read and related together in a way that a work can be seen in a new light. The American Scholar can enable a reader to understand how Benjamin Franklin was a hard worker and man that thought for himself. The Allegory of the Cave can also aid a reader in showing what enlightenment is and how Franklin was enlightened through his life while he enlightened others all around the world. Emerson and Plato were very helpful in creating the lens that is used to comprehend and see what The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is really about. Benjamin Franklin free essay sample At 15 Benjamin Franklin brother started The New England Currant the first newspaper in Boston. Even though there were two paper in the city before his paper included articles, opinion pieces written by his friends, advertisements and news of ship schedules. Benjamin Franklin was not allowed to write in his brother paper due to the fact that he was lowly apprentice. Benjamin Franklin began writing letters at night and signing them with the name of a fictional widow, Silence Dogwood. Dogwood was filled with advice and very critical of the world around her, particularly nickering the Issue of how women were treated.If Benjamin Franklin was caught by his brother he would be punish. The letter got a lot of attention and people wanted to know who this mystery person was. After sixteen letters had been posted Ben]amyl Franklin confesses to writing the letter, his brother was upset and Jealous with all attention Benjamin Franklin was getting from his friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Benjamin Franklin and his brother found themselves in debate with Bosons powerful Puritan preachers, the Matters. Because smallpox was a deadly disease back in them days, ND the Matters supported inoculation and the Franklins believed inoculation only made people sicker.Most Bostonians people agreed with the Franklins, James made fun of the clergy, during the debate. James was thrown in jail for his views, and Benjamin Franklins was left to run his brother paper. When Benjamin Franklins brother was release from jail he was not pleased with the way his brother was running his paper. Instantly he became violent with Benjamin Franklin which resulted In several beatings and Benjamin running away. Running away In those mimes was Illegal In early America people felt as though runaway didnt have a place in society.Benjamin Franklin didnt care he boarded a boat to New York hoping to find a job as printer. But it didnt work as plan he ended up in Philadelphia where he met his future wife Deborah Read, not knowing seven years later they would married. Benjamin Franklin found work as an apprentice printer he was so good at it the governor of Pennsylvania promised to help start a business for himself if he would travel to London to purchase fonts and printing equipment. He did as so but promise as broken by the governor was forced to spend several months in England doing print work.Benjamin Franklin had been living with Read family before heading to London. Deborah Read started talking marriage, with Benjamin Franklin who was not ready for marriages yet so she married another man Instead which didnt lasted very long. Benjamin Franklin returned to Philadelphia tried out a few odd Jobs but went back as printers helper. Benjamin Franklin was a greater printer than the man he was working for, so he decided to borrowed some money and set himself up in the f Philadelphia notice how passionate he was.Benjamin Franklin was so good at his job the government give him contract and his business blossom. In 1729 Benjamin Franklin bought a newspaper called The Pennsylvania Gazette. Benjamin Franklin printed contributed pieces by using a falsely name and would be the first to print political cartoon. Benjamin Franklin was very busy socially man he started an organized call the Junta and he Joined the Masons. In 1733 Benjamin Franklin publishes Poor Richards Almanacs under another falsely name who portraying to e a poor man who needed to money to take care of disable wife.What made this different from almanacs is Franklins almanac was witty aphorisms and lively writing. Many of the famous phrases associated with Franklin, such as, A penny saved is a penny earned come from Poor Richard. (Association). Benjamin Franklin continued to be great asset to his community he helped launch project to pave, clean and put streets lights up. Benjamin Franklin launched the library company in 1731 during this time books were very limited. So using his resource he pulled together some member o they could help buy book from England. Thus was born the nations first subscription library. (Association) In 1743 Benjamin Franklin helped launch another society called American Philosophical Society first learned society in America. Benjamin Franklin helped formed the Pennsylvania Hospital so better treat their sick. The Library Company, Philosophical Society, and Pennsylvania Hospital are all in existence today. (Association). In 1736 Benjamin Franklin organized Philadelphia Union Fire Company, the first in the city due to how bad the fires can in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin famous saying, An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, was actually fire-fighting advice. Association). People who suffered fire damage to their homes often suffered irreversible economic loss. So, in 1752, Franklin helped to found the Philadelphia Contribution for Insurance against Loss by Fire. Those with insurance policies were not wiped out financially. The Contributions is still in business today. (Association) . Len sasss and sasss Benjamin Franklin printing business blooms he then started to franchise his printing revere though partnership with other cities. Benjamin Franklin retired from business and started concentrating on science, experiments, and inventions.Franklins printing business was thriving in this sass and sass. He also started setting up franchise printing partnerships in other cities. By 1749 he retired from business and started concentrating on science, experiments, and inventions. Benjamin Franklin was not new to any of this in 1743 he invented a heat efficient stove to help warm house efficiently and to help improve society and he refuse to have a patent take out. Some of Benjamin Franklin other inventions were swims fins, the glass Armenia and bifocals. Benjamin Franklin started to study electricity in the sasss.Benjamin Franklin use a kite as experiment to show the nature of electricity and lightning which brought international fame. We must all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately. In sasss Benjamin Franklin became involved with politics. During the America Revolution Benjamin Franklin persuade the French to help the Americans that if they didnt help the British would have too much power. The French and British were enemies The French did help Americans by giving those supplies though Benjamin Franklin and his spies. Benjamin Franklin became popular among the French once we won the war. Benjamin Franklin help writ the Constitution of the United States which became the new laws for the new country. Benjamin Franklin was selected to the Second Continental Congress and help draft the Declaration of Independence. Though much of the writing is Thomas Jefferson, much of the contribution is Franklins. (Association) In 1776 Franklin signed the Declaration, and afterward ailed to France as an ambassador to the Court of Louis WI. (Association) In part via Franklins popularity, the government of France signed a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans in 1778. Franklin also helped secure loans and persuade the French they were doing the right thing. Franklin was on hand to sign the Treaty of Paris in 1783, after the Americans had won the Revolution. (Association) Now a man in his late seventies, Franklin returned to America. He became President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention ND signed the Constitution.One of his last public acts was writing an anti-slavery treatise in 1789. (Association) In conclusion Benjamin Franklin was great man of his time and he invented several things that we use to this day. He was great inventor and science teacher he came up with things that we use in today time. Benjamin Franklin came up ways to help solve the Americans problem during the American Revolution. If was not for Benjamin Franklin we would not have won the war if he didnt ask the French for help. Benjamin Franklin signs four of the important that we still use today. Benjamin Franklin free essay sample The Self-made American Benjamin Franklin Intro- set the scene; assertion; thesis The new world of the new colonies during the sasss was a place of discovery and innovation. The English who settled in the Americas were fleeing oppression and tradition and were striving to seek a new open-minded atmosphere to start their new lives. Benjamin Franklin was born unto this world In 1706 while English powers were still in control of the new American colonies. He grew up the youngest son of seventeen siblings to a humble tallow chandler.At the age often, his formal schooling had ended and his new life of self- taught knowledge began. He left Boston and devoted his time to books, becoming his older brothers apprentice In a Philadelphia printing store. By this time outrage against the British control was on an upswing and revolutionary liberal thought was in the air. This atmosphere created a space for innovative and forward thinkers Just like Franklin. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Leaders emerged from the rough not because they climbed the verbally ladder to success but because It was necessary to fill the empty rolls of leadership in the new American society.America was calling for a new wave of forward thinkers and untapped potential in the new worlds best leaders. Benjamin Franklins life story is a testament to this. His inept potential was arguably not uncommon but the situation and life he was apart of facilitated his rise from humble beginnings to one of the most historically significant American dreamers to date. His autobiography gives insight to his life. An important aspect of the American Dream theme in the Autobiography is the rise from impotence to importance, from dependence to independence, from helplessness to power. 0.A. Leo Lemma 351) Though Benjamin Franklin Is the face of American Innovation had he not the support of powerful Individuals and progressiveness of the world in which he lived the innovative American environment would have produced another progressive thinker to fuel the flame of progression through Innovation equally as renowned to his historical stature. (American Environment at the time provided all supplies needed for a man like BE to become a legend. ) (America made BE, BE didnt make America. ) Environment- Ben Franklin was a leader not unorthodox to have untraditional educationLife of the normal 18th century colonist was fraught with an uneven matched of control from Britain such as the Stamp Act and Tea tax that citizens of the new world were in complete support of break in relationship from control of B ritain. Free market systems were heavily encouraged In the U. S. During this time. The general education of the population of this time was minimal. Young Benjamin was brought up by a humble household who had the goal and aspirations of sending their youngest son to Harvard for the goal of going into the ministry.This fell fiat due to finical reasons, UT during this time a formal education was not commonplace. Real higher level education was Just being developed under the new government In the U. S. During the sasss, literacy rates were as high as ever being at 75% of all males and 65% for 1 OFF very uncommon due to modern day rules and regulations but this was definitely not the case in the early sasss. Benjamin Franklin is a great example of the fact that one does not need a formal education to succeed, and also another influential person whom Benjamin Franklin knew during this time also did not have a formal education as Thomas Edison.He ended up being home-schooled primarily and then eventually Joined the railroad at the age of 12, so during this time a formal education was not something that was absolutely necessary. Relationships w/ innovators- flourishing in environment through relationships he was supplied w/ money and power, giving him a sense of worth and importance that allowed him to bring his innovations into fruition. During this time of progression Benjamin Franklin was not alone in his felt of changing traditional thought.Throughout his life he made it a poin t to seek out other individuals of importance and power to allow him to be among men that will create change in traditional thought. Among these men were John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and James Madison who will later be called the forefathers of America. Provided these relationships that Franklin created it gave him the support that was necessary for his innovations to be known (celebrity). He carefully and deliberately became friends with wealthy and powerful people to elevate his social status. Quote) Counterargument- BE as a person- Proportioning self-improvement set him apart from en Americans. Even in todays society he was revered for his scientific studies + forward thinking. He wasnt exceptional Just for his name. Conclusion- People born into poverty, given everything but cant follow through opportunity to shine/ creatively suppressed, not supported be of way of the world is in a dif environment. Restate thesis Throughout Benjamin Franklins life one can see a constant feeling or urge to better himself.He was brought up in a time when there were many new ideas and free-thinking liberties to be had, and Benjamin took full advantage of them. From his mumble beginnings, Franklin created wealth and prosperity for himself. An important aspect of the American Dream theme in the Autobiography is the rise helplessness to power. 0. A. Leo Lemma 351) Americans revere Benjamin Franklin as one of the most prolific minds of the modern age. But he came from a very meager family. He was born the 1 lath son of the family to a chandler and a housewife.He was pushed very much to become a priest and go to Harvard which would prepare him for the ministry, but his mother and father could not financially afford for him to attend. He also had his own skepticism about is faith which clouted his ambitions. He reconsidered and decided at the age of 12 to attend another school for basic reading and writing. Around this time Benjamin showed a great interest in books and he ended being arranged as an apprentice under his brother at a printer. His life was created by these books and printing were Just the beginning. Throughout his childhood he became very much interested in learning new things picking up the violin, the guitar and other instruments. He taught himself German, French, and Latin. Through his work-ethic he advised more and more Franklins young life: Franklin as starting out on his own: Becoming more influential: thinking. The New World was being created as Benjamin grew, and with that, offered many incredible opportunities to him or to anyone who was bold enough to grasp them. Franklin was no ordinary man.Throughout his life he focused all of his efforts on becoming the best person he could be. Growing up the son of a poor chandler and soap maker he committed himself to becoming a wise learned mind, focusing mentally, physically, and philosophically. Granted, through his time and fort described in his autobiography he created many great situations for himself to develop into one of the wisest minds of the modern thought, but he tended to fall into many situations where he seemed to be in the right place at the right time.During this period of progression the leaders of this new world were being brought out to the fore-front, even if they seems not to be deserving of the role. Benjamin Franklin poses the essence of the self-made man. Throughout his autobiography he shows us that it isnt always the position that you were born in that creates who we re, but instead, it is our outright curiosity and work-ethic that helps us travel through life and will potentially/eventually lead us to power/wealth/happiness/life satisfaction.An important aspect of the American dream theme in the Autobiography is the rise from impotence to importance, from dependence to independence, from helplessness to power. 0. A. Leo Lemma) Ben Franklin was not completely unaided in his endeavors. He worked incredibly hard for self- improvement and to better himself, but he Just seemed to continually be in the right place at the right time. Benjamin Franklin free essay sample Through all this you can see how Franklin began his life as a British loyalist, but through Americanization his thoughts evolved only helping create the nation we live in today. Franklin could scarcely restrain the xcitement as he contemplated the future of this prolific New World that would eventually outnumber the Old. (Wood71) Franklin was a true-blue Englishman, he loved Britain and believed that colonists were every bit British subjects. The people all shared common interests and believed that the New Word could only benefit from British control. He wanted to create a union in which all of the colonies and colonists would come together and work with each other. His plan was to create this union and send it to Britain to have them establish a parliament so the colonies could be represented, but he colonial assemblies didnt want anything to do with the union. The colonists didnt want a few people determining the outcome of their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The colonists themselves, knew better the needs of the colonies for defense than did the distant parliament. (Wood125) Britain saw the increasingly expansion and wealth of the colonies and began to tax them. Franklin only wanted the colonists to be treated equally as to those in the British Empire. When Franklin went to London he Just grew more impressed with the British Government. He had developed an emotional commitment to the Crowns empire. (Wood129) Colonists were wondering if he was ever going to return to America. When Franklin returned to America he lost most of his support. Colonists felt that his commitment to the empire was seriously clouding his political Judgment. (Wood140) Atter the 7-year war Britain placed a stamp act upon hatred towards the empire. he colonists , creating great At first Franklin was all for the stamp act and favored the opinions of the British Empire. The colonists began to blame Franklin for the stamp act and threatened to attack him. His enemies in Pennsylvania accused him not only of framing the Stamp Act but also of profiting from it. (Wood142) He had lost his newspaper business as less people believed in him. Franklin only wanted Britain and the col onies to be considered as a one but he noticed that there was a change in the relationship between Britain and the colonies. Englishmen felt superior then the colonists the term American often conjured up images of unrefined, if not barbarous, persons, degenerate and racially debased. (Wood143) Franklin began to believe that a compromise or even representation in parliament was far and in-between for the colonies. He felt sympathy for the American opposition and made it clear that Parliament had no right to lay a stamp tax on the colonists without proper representation. Franklin began to change his opinion on the imperial control of the British Empire. The Hutchinson letters were published in Massachusetts and it called for an increase in the number of troops to help control the American rebellion. When Franklin published them in England tension grew between the two sides angering the government and by encouraging the colonists in their resistance, (Franklin) did not seem to care anymore. (Wood145) The English government didnt want anything to do with Franklin anymore and thought of him as another unruly colonists. When the extensive conciliation or Chatham proposal was brought to the House of Lords, they rejected it without even giving it a second look. Franklin was outraged that they rejected it in such an abrupt manner that his anger grew for British Empire. Franklin was so irate that he told his American confidants that England had become rotten to the core; in fact, continuation of the union with England might infect America and destroy the glorious public virtue so predominant in our rising 50) Leaving Britain behind Franklin became one of the most patriotic and passionate leaders. When Franklin got back to America the fighting between the colonists and British had already began. He wasnt going to fight in the war or lead an army but he sought after an alliance between France, which would help strengthen the colonies efforts. Franklins political success started in France where he was able to persuade the French government to become allies against the British. This not only strengthened Americas relationship witn France but also witn other European ations. It was said that the connection with Europe was a huge turning point in the war against Britain. Franklin was indispensable to the success of the revolution abroad. (Wood200) Franklin always wanted to be in a position of power where he could shape events on a world stage. He attempted to help change the way Britain went about its business but soon realized that his attempts were pointless. Once he realized that the British Empire was only hurting the colonies he began to show patriotism towards the New World in which he was born. Franklin was not ashamed hat he once favored the British rule but eventually un derstood that there was a better life and a new beginning to be had. Franklins life was much like that of all colonists during this time. They came to the New World with nothing under their name and worked until their dreams were reached. Franklin was Americanized through the many events or lack of events that Britain put upon on the colonies. If the British Empire would have allowed for representation we could have had a totally different scenario. Fortunately we were able to create our own country in which Franklin had one of the most important roles. Biographies of great men help us understand how they become so great. We can learn so much about the colonists separation from the British Empire by Just looking at Franklins life. His life story is so inspirational, coming from a very poor family and creating a very prosperous and successful life should be everyones dream. We can look up to great individuals like Franklin and aspire to be like him. Woods didnt want to Just name historical facts and the surrounding events of Franklins life but wanted to examine him as an individual. He wanted to see how the events Americanized the most influential founding father. Benjamin Franklin free essay sample One can only speculate as to the thoughts running through Benjamin Franklins mind as he pondered the awe and power of lightning during some long ago summer storm. Franklin suspected that lightning was an electrical current in nature, rather than the wrath of God, and he wanted to see if he was right. One way to test his idea would be to see if the lightning would pass through metal. He came upon the idea to use a metal key and looked around for a way to get the key up near the lightning.As you probably already know, he used a simple toy, a kite, to prove that lightning Is really a stream of electrified air, known today as plasma. No direct account of this event was ever written by Franklin, however, the manuscript of Joseph Freely documents the events as follows: As every circumstance relating to so capital a discovery (the greatest, perhaps, since the time of Sir Isaac Newton) cannot but give pleasure to all my readers, I shall endeavourer to gratify them with the communication of a few particulars which I have from the best authority. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Doctor, having published his method of verifying his hypothesis concerning the sameness of electricity with the matter of lightning, was waiting for the erection of a spire [on Christ Church] in Philadelphia to carry his views into execution; not imagining that a pointed rod of a moderate height could answer the purpose; when it occurred to him that by means of a common kite he could have better access to the regions of thunder than by any spire whatever.Preparing, therefore, a large silk handkerchief and two cross-sucks of a proper length on which to extend it, he took the opportunity of the first approaching thunderstorm to take a walk in the fields, in which there was a shed convenient for his purpose. But, dreading the ridicule which too commonly attends unsuccessful attempts in science, e communicated his intended experiment to nobody but his son ? then twenty- one, not a child as in the traditional illustrations of the scene ? who assisted him In raising the kite. The kite being raised, a considerable time elapsed before there was any appearance of Its being electrified. One very promising cloud had passed over It without any effect; when, at length, just as he was beginning to despair of his contrivance, he observed some loose threads of the hempen string to stand erect, and to avoid one another, Just as if they had been suspended on a common conductor. Struck with this promising appearance, he immediately presented his knuckle to the key, and (let the reader Judge of the exquisite pleasure he must have felt at that moment) the discovery was complete.He perceived a very evident electric spark. Others succeeded, even before the string was wet, so as to put the matter past all dispute, and when the rain had wet the string he collected electric fire very copiously. This happened in June 1752, a month after the electricians in France had verified the same theory, but before he heard of anything they had done. Correspondence by Franklin to his friend Peter , (whom started this madness by sending Franklin a glass rod which had produced static electricity), cedar the width of an extended silk handkerchief, with the corners of the handkerchief tied to the cedar frame.Silk was used so as not to be as easily torn as paper. To the top of the front cedar cross member he attached a one foot metal wire approximately one foot in height. The standard hemp twine was used as a lanyard, and to the end of the lanyard was attached the infamous metal key. When it came time for the experiment, Franklin showed the intuition to conduct his experiment indoors, or at least under cover, and the str ing not touching the window or doormen. Given this set-up, and a passing thunder cloud, he was able to observe the fibers of the hemp lanyard pulling in opposite directions.This is where l, knowing what we all know now, would conclude the experiment. Not Ben Franklin. He waits for it to rain and get every thing wet. At that point he places his knuckle against the metal key and voile he got shocked, a lot I think, thus proving his theory of current (plasma) and electricity. While Benjamin Franklin will always be famous for his kite in the storm, he continued with his electrical experiments, even originating terms still used today such as battery charge, condenser, conductor, positively, negatively, and armature.One must wonder what the world would be like today without one man that would undertake such an endeavor. Sources: Benjamin Franklin Franklin Institute us history. Org Carl van , 1938 Ben Franklin Portrait of the Man The Electric Ben Franklin His famous stormy kite flight in June of 1752 led him to develop many of the terms that we still use today when we talk about electricity: battery, conductor, condenser, charge, discharge, uncharged, negative, minus, plus, electric shock, and electrician. Benjamin Franklin free essay sample Moral perfection Is not entirely possible because often circumstances present that are beyond ones control. Furthermore, people will critique the virtues of moral perfection much differently. Moral perfection is not obtainable because there are extraneous circumstances and conflicting views of the moral virtues. Circumstances occurring beyond ones control prevent the attainment of moral perfection. Day to day obstacles can alter ones behavior and outlook on the day.Such obstacles may include temptations, individual interactions, and environmental influences. The severity and the number of obstacles encountered will also impede mastering moral virtues. Benjamin Franklin infers in his Autobiography that obtaining the thirteen virtues requires persistent vigilance and avoidance of previous habits and temptations. In conclusion, achieving d moral perfection is often complicated by the mere reality that every day one may not be on top of the game. Interpretation of the moral virtues can be viewed in very different ways.In Benjamin Franklins Autobiography, he suggests that temperance was confined to come as eating and drinking while others expanded the interpretation to mean moderation of every other pleasure, appetite, inclination, or passion. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One may be either more or less critical of others compared to themselves. The precepts of the moral virtues must be interpreted consistently in order to strive toward moral perfection. In conclusion, unforeseen circumstances and differing critiques of the precepts of moral virtues prohibit succeeding with moral perfection.Moral perfection Is a good model upon which to improve ones life, but It Is not realistic. Rather, focusing on to the best of ones abilities and keeping others best Interests at heart will better serve Individuals and the world. Accepting ones weaknesses and building upon ones strengths will ultimately lead to attainment of personal success and overall happiness. Benjamin Franklin By The quest for human perfection is ideal, but the realization that this is possible may be an unrealistic expectation. In Benjamin Franklins Autobiography he formulating a plan, and evaluating selected virtues weekly.Benjamin Franklin devoted one whole week to each virtue in which he strive to eliminate any bad habits. Mr.. Franklin saw his faults diminish as he evaluated himself over a period of several years. Moral perfection is not entirely possible because often circumstances moral virtues prohibit succeeding with moral perfection. Moral perfection is a good model upon which to improve ones life, but it is not realistic. Rather, focusing on living to the best of ones abilities and keeping others best interests at heart will better serve individuals and the world. Benjamin Franklin free essay sample Colonies. Benjamin Franklin also acquired success from being a writer, printer, man of science, and being a philanthropist. The Inventive mind of Benjamin Franklin produced the well- known Franklin stove, bifocals, carriage and also the public institutions, such as the free library and postal system (Latter 838). Benjamin Franklin was an Intelligent man with a remarkable talent for Inventing things which had a major Influence on eighteenth Century America.He was appreciated by many followers and his ability to write and invent contributed greatly to American society. Benjamin Franklins father Josiah Franklin was a candle and soap maker and Franklin at the age of 10 was an apprentice for his fathers business. Franklins father desired for young Franklin to obtain a career in service to the church or in the family business of making candles and soap. Benjamin Franklin ATA very young age exhibited a desire to be independent and self-reliant and rebelled against his fathers wishes. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Franklin did not enjoy working as an apprentice to his fathers business and at the age of 12, he instead became an apprentice to his older brother ND learned about the printing business and at the same time he developed his literary skills. Benjamin attended school for a short period of time but due to his family financial hardship, he was unable to complete school. Coming from a poor background Benjamin Franklin was determined to reach success and no obstacles that presented itself on his journey to success was going to inhibit him.Franklin did not allow financial circumstances to prevent him from pursuing his goal of excelling academically; he continued to educate himself by reading a vast amount of books, ND acquired as much knowledge as he can. Benjamin Franklin abided by certain self-constraints, which would later help him to become the most famous man of his time. At the age of seventeen Franklins desire for independence from his family drove him to leave Boston for Philadelphia. After a year in Philadelphia he relocated and moved to London, where he took a Job at a print shop. Almost two years later, more experienced In the social and economic realties of life, Franklin returned to Philadelphia, where he devoted many years to establishing himself as a printer and helicopters (Latter 838). Franklin was very successful as a printer and editor of a his own from which he published The Pennsylvania Gazette to which he contributed many essays (Holman 3). His intentions for the Gazette were to utilize all the knowledge he had acquired and produce the best newspaper possible. Franklin continued writing literary works for quite some time and one of those literary works in which he was famous for was his autobiography. Benjamin Franklin was all about self improvement, desiring to be the best he can be and making adjustments along the way to advance himself. According to Walter Caisson he states , that most interesting thing that Franklin invented, and continually reinvented, wash himself. In his autobiography, part two he spoke of thirteen virtues that were necessary and desirable to him. The names of the thirteen virtues are: Temperance, Silence, Order, Resolution, Frugality, Industry, Sincerity, Justice, Moderation, Cleanliness, Tranquility, Chastity, and Humility.Franklin states that his intentions are to acquire the Habituated of all these Virtues Not by attempting the whole at once, but to fix on one of them at time (Latter 914). Franklin obviously found fault within himself and he was determined to fix those faults. By him listing these thirteen virtues, he basically had a guideline to follow so that he can become a better person, and he followed the concept on a weekly basis. Benjamin Franklins leadership skills influenced many people of his time and also those of today.Franklin is considered to be an important individual who contributed to the national heritage of American society. According R. V. Jones he states that, Franklin has a very special claim as a man of science and sides who had a warm social conscience, deep in loyalties and affection both for the Colonies in which he was born and for the motherland from which his forebears had come. Benjamin Franklin was considered as one of the most prominent scientists in America. He gained much fame from his experiments in electricity and a product of his experiments with electricity was the lightening rod.His inquisitive nature allowed him to explore how many things work and if he found a way to improve on something he would do it. Franklin started out publishing literary works, but his passion for science prevailed much more. As years went on Franklin obtained different positions in his community. According to Jones, Franklin became a Clerk to the Pennsylvania Assembly, and in 1737 Postmaster at Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin was goal driven, he saw and observed things and desired for there to be a change in the Colonies.In 1734 he made a proposal to form an American Philosophical Society, which would help in improving Philadelphia. The control center of his new society in which he was President of was in Philadelphia and by it being located there made Philadelphia more advanced than other cities located thin the colonies. This project that he took charge of allowed for the streets of Philadelphia to be paved, cleaned and to be lit. The establishment of this Society started and environment al cleanup that was well needed in Franklins eyes. In the sasss politics became an active interest for Benjamin Franklin.According to Holman, he states that in politics (Franklin) proved very able both as an administrator and as a controversialists he goes on the say that Franklins most notable service in home politics was his reform of the postal system; but his fame as statesman rests chiefly on hi s services in connection with the relations of the Colonies with Great Britain and later with France. Franklin was sent to England to England for five years so that the people there can become enlighten to the ministry of England as to Colonial conditions (Holman 4).He was sent back to England again in 1764 as an ambassador for the colonies, and at this appointed time he was to petition to the King of England, to take back the government out of the hands of proprietors. The Stamp Act of 1765 took Franklin by surprise due to the fact that he as in opposition to it along with the American Colonies. This event that took place made Franklin question if America should disassemble itself from England. Even though he had many colleagues in England, he was growing quite weary of the dishonesty he saw all around him in politics and royal circles.He took action and proposed a plan to unite the Colonies and he worked diligently towards that goal. Benjamin Franklin had a goal in mind and that was to declare Independence for the Colonies from under Englands rule. Franklin worked on a committee that drafted up he Declaration of Independence, it was signed and passed on July 4th, 1776. This is the day year round that Americans celebrates its Independence from British rule. Benjamin Franklin in his later years was involved with the abolition of slavery.According to The Journal of Negro History it states that, of the fathers of the republic who first saw the evils of slavery, none made a more forceful argument against the institution than Benjamin Franklin. Franklin had strong views on slavery and thought that it should be done away with. The argument that Franklin made against slavery is hat a man of a lowly estate himself, could not sympathize with the man who felt that his bread should be wrung from the sweat of anothers brow (41). He desired to see this institution of human cruelty to be abolished. He didnt see the Justification in having a human being and Africans at that working in the fields producing products for their owner when the owner themselves can perform the same duties. Joseph Downs states that a reading of Franklins letters and biographies leaves a lasting admiration and respect for the wisdom, human sympathy, intellectual curiosity, wit and diplomacy of the man. Without Benjamin Franklins wisdom, knowledge, intellect and courage to stand in the forefront on the behalf of the American Colonies, the American government, as we know it would not exist.

Free Essays on Rip Van Winkle

Literary analyses of â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† Rip Van Winkle is a man from a small village located at the foot Kaatskill Mountains. He lives with his wife, 2 kids, and his dog. His son, Rip Van Winkle, was just like his father. His dog, Wolf, was his best friend. They were always together and Wolf was always faithful. Rip Van Winkle is a man of many traits. He always helped others while his home remained pretty well run down. In the short story â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, Washington Irving uses simple, henpecked, lazy and friendly to describe the main character Rip Van Winkle. The first thing that is used to describe Rip Van Winkle is simple. Rip is a simple man that just enjoys life. Irving says this by saying â€Å"Rip Van winkle was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble†(36). This tells that Rip takes what he can get without much hassle for it. Then Irving states, â€Å"if left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment†(36). Rip just takes life as it comes and does not worry about nothing but what’s happening with him at that point and time. Rip seems to have no worries or regrets about his simple life. The second point that is portrayed by Rip Van Winkle is henpecked. Henpecked means that he’s nagged and yelled at all the time by his wife. One example of him being henpecked is when it says, â€Å"his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness and the ruin ha was bringing on his family†(36). His wife is always pestering him about how he is ruining his family because of how he is. It then says â€Å"He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing†(36). He has been so badly verbally abused that he would not say anything for fear of more yelling. Then Irving also quotes â€Å"he is fain to draw off his fo... Free Essays on Rip Van Winkle Free Essays on Rip Van Winkle Literary analyses of â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† Rip Van Winkle is a man from a small village located at the foot Kaatskill Mountains. He lives with his wife, 2 kids, and his dog. His son, Rip Van Winkle, was just like his father. His dog, Wolf, was his best friend. They were always together and Wolf was always faithful. Rip Van Winkle is a man of many traits. He always helped others while his home remained pretty well run down. In the short story â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, Washington Irving uses simple, henpecked, lazy and friendly to describe the main character Rip Van Winkle. The first thing that is used to describe Rip Van Winkle is simple. Rip is a simple man that just enjoys life. Irving says this by saying â€Å"Rip Van winkle was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble†(36). This tells that Rip takes what he can get without much hassle for it. Then Irving states, â€Å"if left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment†(36). Rip just takes life as it comes and does not worry about nothing but what’s happening with him at that point and time. Rip seems to have no worries or regrets about his simple life. The second point that is portrayed by Rip Van Winkle is henpecked. Henpecked means that he’s nagged and yelled at all the time by his wife. One example of him being henpecked is when it says, â€Å"his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness and the ruin ha was bringing on his family†(36). His wife is always pestering him about how he is ruining his family because of how he is. It then says â€Å"He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing†(36). He has been so badly verbally abused that he would not say anything for fear of more yelling. Then Irving also quotes â€Å"he is fain to draw off his fo... Free Essays on Rip Van Winkle Sentimentality In Changing Times In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle,† Washington Irving conveys the theme of a changing world with the essence of an underlying sentimentality. This story shows the radical changes that affect a small Dutch village in the Catskill Mountains after the Revolutionary War. The sense of sentimentality is shown in Rip’s yearning for the twenty years he missed while sleeping, and also in the simple times villagers lived in before the revolt against Great Britain. In The Reference Guide to American Literature, Daniel Hoffman says, â€Å"Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is here at once mythologized and made unforgettable† (456). This observation is the central idea in â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† made apparent to the reader through several specific occasions. The first occasion where Rip feels a strong sense of nostalgia is when he sees his dog, Wolf, whom he believed was dead or lost after not finding him in the mountains. Wolf is Rip’s closest companion, and together they suffer through many lectures from Rip’s wife, Dame Van Winkle. Rip finds solace in spending time with Wolf, whether they are taking leisurely walks or going hunting. Wolf is even present in Rip’s venture through the mystical mountains that would eventually result in his twenty-year slumber. As Rip returns to the village the morning after he wakes up, he is confused because he doesn’t recognize anyone walking on the street, and his own home is dilapidated and abandoned. When he sees Wolf he is immediately excited to return to his normal life and hopeful that everything is all right. However, Rip is disappointed when his best friend, Wolf, scoffs at him as if he were a stranger. Irving says, â€Å"Rip called him by name but the cur sn arled, showed his teeth, and passed on† (161). This outright display of hatred gives Rip his first pang of sentimentality for the old days he spent with Wolf. Although Rip does n... Free Essays on Rip Van Winkle Analysis of Dame Van Winkle In Washington Irving’s â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, Dame Van Winkle is described as â€Å"a termagant wife† (p. 574) with â€Å"a tart temper† and â€Å"and sharp tongue† (p. 575). In fact, Dame Van Winkle was so domineering that Rip frequently sought solace outside of his own home. However, his wife could have simply been completely frustrated by his lack of initiative to assist in the upkeep of his home and family and stunned by the depth of laziness. Perhaps this was Dame Van Winkle’s attempt to get Rip to actually do something useful for his own family. Rip’s response to being confronted by his wife was to shrug his shoulders, shake his head, roll his eyes and remain silent (p. 575). During the time period this classic was written, a woman was dependent upon her husband as the sole financial supporter of the family. Dame Van Winkle may not have known the extent of Rip’s idleness prior to their marriage. Many marriages were arranged by parents versus entered into by consenting and in love adults. A wife was expected to keep the home and raise the children. A husband was to provide for the family. By Rip’s own admission in referring to the house, Dame Van Winkle â€Å"always kept in neat order† (p. 579). However, Rip was not willing to provide for his own family choosing instead to assist his neighbors (p. 374). Since his was not living up to his familial responsibilities, Dame Van Winkle took every occasion to bring his failings to his attention in the hopes of changing him. At the time, her options were limited and her dilemma maddening at best. Rip must have had some love for (or fear of) his wife for upon awakening from his sleep h is first thoughts were not of his faithful companion Wolf, but of his wife (p. 578). Yet consistent with his lazy nature, Rip’s thoughts were of the excuses he would use when he encountered the dreaded Dame Van Winkle. Upon Rip’s return from the moun...

Approach to Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Approach to Leadership and Management - Essay Example The issues are recognized and possible solutions with simple implementation strategies are proposed. The world today is changing every moment and the fast track progress and growth of economies has resulted in change in the priorities and objectives of each and every individual in this world. The trends is in the industry and technology are changing as well and the investors and owners in order to maximize profits and deliver better services to customers are incorporating innovative technologies in their companies and are pushing their staff to deliver their hundred percent for the collective growth and progress of the individuals. The magnitude of research and development is very large as compared to the levels in past and as a result the only those organizations are able to survive which are better suited to the current scenario and are technologically customized and up to date. Moreover since the workers and staff are the actual assets of a company, it is very much important that the companies should develop their staff and employees according to the changing scenario and make them work in a perfect working environment in which they can not only work to their fullest but can also grow. The organizations should devise strategies which can be molded according to the conditions because the economic scenario and the customer demands are varying every instant. The organizations which refuse to change themselves with the changing scenario of globalization and advancement in economy are dying out and many new companies with better strategies and structure are replacing them. In the following pages the below mentioned criteria will be established and the two companies will be analyzed on the basis of these established criteria: 1. Approach to leadership and management 2. Teams and teamworking 3. Organizational Culture 4. Organizational Design and Structure 5. PESTLE Analysis 6. Analysis based on theory x and theory y of human motivation Approach to Leadership and Ma nagement A leader is a person who guides its organization towards the established targets and goals. The job of the leader is to assume the frontline role in an organization and teach the employees and workers, through examples, the path to success. While leading an organization or a team a leader has to be very flexible and has to play various roles to train the staff and workers because they follow him. When the workers and employees need morale boasts, the leader should recognize their efforts and provide motivation to them in the form of rewards. According to Daniel Goleman (1998), all leaders have a high degree of emotional intelligence. He accepts that IQ and technical skills are important, but laid emphasis on these additional qualities. The position a CEO occupies in an organization is because of his technical and managerial skills but that does not classify him to be a good leader as well, a good leader should depict additional qualities and skills of which emotional intell igence is the most important. Emotional intelligence enables a leader to understand and perceive the demands, goals and aspirations of his staff. The leader should also develop an understanding of the personal targets of the individuals and should help them achieving them staying within the organization. This approach can ensure retention in the organizatio

The Case of Enron and Arthur Andersen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Case of Enron and Arthur Andersen - Essay Example The greed that was evident did not benefit any one party at all. When the company shares lost ground in trading, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Texas State Board of Public Accountancy and the US congress were on hand to instigate reforms that had the aim of ensuring that occurrences like those at Enron could not occur again. Arthur Andersen, the auditor at Enron, could be said to have received what it deserved in terms of being forced out of the market place due to bankruptcy. Additionally, the audit firm became a template of negative audit firms. The US federal government crafted regulatory legislation that is being taken up by other countries to prevent such occurrences in the future. For example, Mexico adopted those regulations in 2006 popularly referred to as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Discussion Enron as a corporate entity was not guilty of any major crimes that were blatantly obvious. On the most part, the company was indicted for misleading the outside forces charged with consulting for it and also misrepresented its financial situation1. These misrepresentations and falsehoods cannot entirely be considered as crimes. On the contrary, fraud can be considered as a crime but the very act of proving a criminal intent to defraud is very difficult. On the other hand, Arthur Andersen was convicted of a repeated single crime which entailed the obstruction of justice. This was largely due to the destruction of Enron documents that the audit firm continuously did. The shredding of those documents, which the accounting firm was well aware could be used in an SEC investigation, was in itself a crime. The case of Enron led to a number of individuals that were charged with different tasks to be charged with serious crimes with some of them pleading guilty to some. Mostly, many pleaded guilty with conspiracy to mislead that they did by presenting unfair reports on the company finances. Both Enron and Andersen had total disregard for any ethical conduc t that was expected of them. There is no need for detailed presentation of the breaches in ethics as they were pretty blatant. This discussion is not focused on ethics despite the fact that legal ethics, financial analysis ethics and banking ethics were totally disregarded. Since the breach of ethics is not a crime, it is not pertinent to dwell on it. Enron is clearly in violation of the guidelines that are laid out in the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)2. There are three instances of the breach of GAAP that are notable in the conduct of Enron. The first is that the Special Purpose Entities? (SPEs) accounts were incorrect. The equity method of accounting was selectively utilized in the SPE accounting as well as the failure of consolidation and failure of the elimination of the impacts associated with the transactions carried among the entities. The second is that there was partial disclosure of accounts and the last is that the financial reporting was not fair. In do ing the above, Enron and Andersen can be thought of having viewed GAAP as being merely rules and not regulations. They also leaned towards the interpretation of GAAP in a more aggressive manner than normally envisaged. Additionally, they disregarded the fairness principle that is central to GAAP and in doing this, they ignored the fact that fairness is emphasized more that rules as well as accounting that focuses on the economic